The correlation averaging of a regularly arranged bacterial cell envelope protein. Estimation theoretic measure of resolution for stochastic localization microscopy. Resolving single-molecule assembled patterns with superresolution blink-microscopy. The effect of photoswitching kinetics and labeling densities on super-resolution fluorescence imaging. Van de Linde, S., Wolter, S., Heilemann, M. Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions. Super-resolution imaging visualizes the eightfold symmetry of gp210 proteins around the nuclear pore complex and resolves the central channel with nanometer resolution. Beyond Rayleigh's criterion: a resolution measure with application to single-molecule microscopy. Fast, background-free, 3D super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI). Superresolution by localization of quantum dots using blinking statistics. Subdiffraction-resolution fluorescence imaging with conventional fluorescent probes. Fluorescence nanoscopy by ground-state depletion and single-molecule return. Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Breaking the diffraction barrier in fluorescence microscopy at low light intensities by using reversibly photoswitchable proteins.

Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion microscopy. Our findings challenge the current focus on obtaining the best localization precision, showing instead how the best image resolution can be achieved as fast as possible. Our FRC resolution method makes it possible to compare achieved resolutions in images taken with different nanoscopy methods, to optimize and rank different emitter localization and labeling strategies, to define a stopping criterion for data acquisition, to describe image anisotropy and heterogeneity, and even to estimate the average number of localizations per emitter. We demonstrate its validity and benefits on two-dimensional (2D) and 3D localization microscopy images of tubulin and actin filaments.

We introduce a measure based on Fourier ring correlation (FRC) that can be computed directly from an image. Currently there is no integral, practical resolution measure that accounts for all factors. Resolution in optical nanoscopy (or super-resolution microscopy) depends on the localization uncertainty and density of single fluorescent labels and on the sample's spatial structure.

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